The extravascular compartment is further subdivided into two compartments: interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that directly bathes the cells and tissues in the body. Transcellular fluid is found in small amounts in different body regions and, in total, comprises a very small portion though not unimportant of the total body water. This fluid is generally separated from the plasma by an additional epithelial layer in addition to the capillary endothelium.
Cerebrospinal fluid the fluid bathing the brain and the spinal cord , intraocular fluids aqueous and vitreous humors , inner ear fluids endolymph and perilymph , pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluids in joints , as well as some other fluids are components of the transcellular fluid in the body.
Transcellular fluid generally comprises up to about 2. Extracellular fluid ECF surrounds the cells serves as a circulating reservoir. The ECF is divided into the interstitial fluid which bathes the outside of the cells and intravascular fluid i. About two-thirds of the total body water of humans is held in the cells, mostly in the cytosol, and the remainder is found in the extracellular compartment.
The intracellular fluid is separated from the extracellular fluid by the cell plasma membrane. Insulated concrete forms ICFs are typically purchased from a local building supplier. The intracellular fluid ICF compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. Martinsville, Virginia.
Minneapolis, Minnesota. New York, New York. North Kingstown, Rhode Island. Oak Brook, Illinois. Ottawa, Ontario. Portland, Oregon. Redding, California. Regina, Saskatchewan. Richmond, Virginia. Rockville, Maryland. Sacramento, California. San Diego, California. San Francisco, California. Seattle, Washington. Louis, Missouri. Tempe, Arizona. The resulting increased hydrostatic pressure within pulmonary capillaries, as blood is still coming in from the pulmonary arteries, causes fluid to be pushed out of them and into lung tissues.
A decrease in the normal levels of plasma proteins results in a decrease of colloid osmotic pressure which counterbalances the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries. This process causes loss of water from the blood to the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema. Figure 8. An allergic reaction can cause capillaries in the hand to leak excess fluid that accumulates in the tissues.
Mild, transient edema of the feet and legs may be caused by sitting or standing in the same position for long periods of time, as in the work of a toll collector or a supermarket cashier. Otherwise, the venous blood pools in the lower limbs and can leak into surrounding tissues.
Medications that can result in edema include vasodilators, calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen therapies, and some diabetes medications. Underlying medical conditions that can contribute to edema include congestive heart failure, kidney damage and kidney disease, disorders that affect the veins of the legs, and cirrhosis and other liver disorders.
Therapy for edema usually focuses on elimination of the cause. Activities that can reduce the effects of the condition include appropriate exercises to keep the blood and lymph flowing through the affected areas. Other therapies include elevation of the affected part to assist drainage, massage and compression of the areas to move the fluid out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention.
Your body is mostly water. Body fluids are aqueous solutions with differing concentrations of materials, called solutes. An appropriate balance of water and solute concentrations must be maintained to ensure cellular functions. If the cytosol becomes too concentrated due to water loss, cell functions deteriorate. If the cytosol becomes too dilute due to water intake by cells, cell membranes can be damaged, and the cell can burst.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall and causes movement of fluid between compartments. Fluid can also move between compartments along an osmotic gradient. Active transport processes require ATP to move some solutes against their concentration gradients between compartments.
Passive transport of a molecule or ion depends on its ability to pass easily through the membrane, as well as the existence of a high to low concentration gradient. Answer the question s below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section.
Skip to main content. Search for:. Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain the importance of water in the body Contrast the composition of the intracellular fluid with that of the extracellular fluid Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes Identify the causes and symptoms of edema. Practice Question Watch this video to learn more about body fluids, fluid compartments, and electrolytes.
Show Answer The interstitial fluid IF. Show Answer Fluid enters the capillaries from interstitial spaces. Disorders of the Fluid Balance: Edema Edema is the accumulation of excess water in the tissues.
Critical Thinking Questions Plasma contains more sodium than chloride. How can this be if individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other out, and plasma is electrically neutral? How is fluid moved from compartment to compartment?
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